Hume and his contemporaries Essay Example for Free

Hume and his contemporaries EssayLive art functionings, marked by an overture of spi rituality, consciousness, physical introductions to pain, drawn further on to include specific rituals, symbolisms, wide-ranging states of emotions brought by self-inflicted hurt and as yettually, culminating in a wild display of frenzy and dumping images, atomic number 18 less likely to please the uninitiated earshot than it willing provoke a sense of awe and wonderment among perfor humansce art critics.In a similar situation, Marina Abramovics attempts to up break the static discourses of physicality, mental states of sound judgement and art that pervade current westerly hegemony, understandably, can only be regarded in the extremes by people steeped impregnablely into formal traditions. Either her method of operation will elevate its knockouts to a heightened microscope stage of appreciation, therefore merit a thunderous welcome to a novel brand, sui generis, of art of our date a t the end of each scene or her gruesome didactics on the consistences threshold for pain, simply fails to pass muster.Her performance practice, a risk more than anything else, sure enough inspire debates on whether or not to set moral, perhaps even companionable limits to art in score to determine, in precise and concrete terms, at which point creativity and imaginative art themes and performances become either delightful to the senses or noxious to the sensitivities of the worldwide public.The idea of drawing the line along and amid different shades of extremes, although already evinced clearly in the works of Marina Abramovic, seems to fit the consensus on the idea of censuring the bold and burlesque, stripping it off its material enunciation and cheek to mitigate the horror and revulsion inherent in the exposition, or in the worst case, totally ignore it until the novel yet misunderstood facade fades from inattention.However, convey mainly to Marina Abramovics unwavering desire to reach her audience, despite the sometimes hostile reception during her performances itself, in ways that continually push the envelope of spectator tolerance, did she carry her work from the esoteric art circles to mainstream. To wit, in one of her collaborative performances with Ulay, entitled Incision (1978), term purposively eliciting reaction, probably direct participation, from their audience, one of the spectators primed the climactic resonance of the work by jumping into the stage to kick Marina Abramovic as she was lying prostate right in the middle of the act.In her biographical work, she writes that although she expect the besiege to happen any moment during the performance, she did not realize the immediacy and steeled resolution of that man who assailed her (Abramovic, 1998). Photographs of the show caught the man with a leg lifted, jumping into the air. The close photograph shows Abramovic lying on the floor, and the man seems to be landing from a kicking a ction the audiences interrogation manifested in a spontaneous physical attack (Tang, 2005).Ethical and moral questions, as well as aesthetic controversies sport been discussed quite animatedly as early as the 18th century. Philosophers, like David Hume, have started to addressed the tough issues about morality, art and tastethe chief concerns that pervaded his era. Cynthia Freeland, introducing the notions of Taste and Beauty, in a book about defining the slippery strands of art, writes that Hume and his contemporaries would not have approved of blasphemy, immorality, sex, or the physical exertion of body fluids as appropriate in art (Freeland 2001).As a caveat to this general statement, it must be understood that even though 18th century consciousness all the way up to the present have not been too open in giving cognizance to art that smack of Marina Abramovics accept brand of carnal art expressions, there are already extant cultural and social systems which places importance into shamanistic and ritualistic gestures. Among art critics and historians, some pursue a theory of art as ritual ordinary objects or acts acquire symbolical significance through incorporation into a shared whimsy system (Freeland, 2001).In the same vein, Freeland further digs deep in history to return evidence in varied cultural rituals that depict blood and physical pain. She avers that when a Mayan king shed blood before the multitude in Palenque by penetrating his own penis and drawing a thin reed through it three times, he exhibited his shamanistic ability to contact the land of the undead (2001). separate modern artists try to re force a similar sense of art as ritual, just as much as Marina Abramovic has had for the last three decades.Diamanda Galas, for instance, fuses operatic wizardry, light shows and glistening blood in her Plague Mass (2001), supposedly to exorcise pain in the era of Aids. Herman Nitsch, Viennese founder of the Orgies Mystery Theater, promises purg e through a combination of music, key fruiting, wine-pressing, and ceremonial pouring of animal blood and entrails (Nitsch, n. d. in Freeland, 2001). As it turns out, these very rituals are ingrained in Western traditions.Illuminating ex bulkys of which are the amount of blood depicted in Europeans, and verily much of the cultures in the modern world today, two main belief discourses that of the Judeo-Christian and the Greco-Roman. By taking a cursory review of religious and classical texts of Western traditions, we are able to immediately uncover a spate of blood representations and ritualistic sacrifices. In the Old Testament, Yahweh is seen to require sacrifices as parts of His covenant with the Hebrews (Freeland, 2001).Similarly, Agamemnon faced a divine command to slit the throat of his own child the blood of Jesus is so sacred that it is symbolically drunk to this day by believing Christians as promising redemption and eternal brio (2001). Such myths and religious stories are rather germane to Western art. We read of Homeric heroes wining the favors of their gods and goddesses by sacrificing animals. Likewise, the tragedies of Lucan and Seneca piled up more body parts than Freddy Krueger in A Nightmare on Elm Sreet (2001).Not surprisingly, likewise, Renaissance paintings are never without a hint of blood draped at the canvassed in hard red-acrylic paint whilst Shakespeares tragedies typically concluded with swordplay and stabbings. The preceding examples of ritualistic performances which involves blood and sacrifices, death and disease, murder and trials, are very instructive with regards to our penchant for the macabre and the dreadful. It is in these premises that Marina Abramovic draws much of her inspiration to create an art, pro forma, that bespeak of our capacity to endure scenes of gore and violenceif only on a less exacerbated state.Her performance, for the more or less part, certainly places importance on the symbolic values of ceremonies, gestures and artifacts. Albeit appearing random and spontaneous, her methods establish a logical connection between her consciousness while perform and her bodys means of coping with the strength of self-infliction. In the nascent days of her art, she has performed controversial after controversial explorations into the limitations of the mind and the body. Rhythm 10, in 1973, was the early in a series of abject surrender to the inevitability of suffering.Alone in the stage, she prepared a set of knives to be used as piercing objects in a risky game of Russian hand roulette. Without signs of hesitation, she proceeded to stab the spaces between her fingers in a rough yet determined fashion. Each time she made the mistake of garnishting her flesh she dropped the knife and took out another one to repeat the process all over again until she made use of all ten knives (Abramovic, 1998). The following year, in the performance entitled Rhythm 5, she sought to re-evoke the energy of extr eme body pain by constructing a huge star soused with combustible petroleum liquid.At the onset, the structure as lit to flames, and while she was standing right outside the contraption, she religiously clipped her fingernails, cut her hair and them inside the burning star. The denouement of the program was when she danced around and then flew crosswise the flames into the center of the burning star. Serious and life-threatening complications ensued when the smoke that engulfed her from inside s arrive her to the point that she no longer had control of her actions. The medical team and the audience, who were all there to watch, started to suspect that something was terribly amiss.Fortunately, the quick responses from the stand-by technicians saved her from an untimely death caused by severe smoke inhalation (Abramovic, 1998). In the same year and the years that followed, Marina Abramovic designed similar art experiments that were meant to test the limits of herself and her body, an d later the audience and their tolerance for vicarious agony through her body. Rhythm 2 and Rhythm 0, were performed with the hopes of proving that the consciousness can go beyond the rubric of psychological triggers in mind.The sole aim of both was to uproot the inherited tendencies of the mind to reel from stark images and charged gestures. She sought to cultivate in the audience a sense of indifference in order that one may reach a virtual catharsis what with all the sharp and strong representations between the body and suffering. For artists like Marina Abramovic, it is clear to them that what they are performing, and while in the act of performing, there is a higher purpose that they wish to achieve regardless of the methods by which these are made possible. They have a firm understanding and appreciation for every act and gesture that they make.None of such are done without rhyme and reason. For artists like Marina Abramovic, everything that happens during any performance, i n spite of the rasping opinions of critic that meet them right afterwards, makes a lot of sense. However, audiences who see and react to these artists do not enter, much less share the beliefs and values, or with prior friendship of what will transpire, with that of the artist. When asked about the origins of her creativity and ideas for her art performance, Marina Abramovic happily recalls her childhood memories with her parents.As if to show indeed that her style was a result of previous life experiences that may be susceptible to a psychoanalytical reading, she narrates A long time ago I made a piece called Art Must Be Beautiful, Artist Must Be Beautiful. At that time, I thought that art should be disturbing rather than gorgeous. My life is full of such contradictions. My father and mother are divorced. As an adult, I recently wanted to go back to help them because of the war. With the embargo, there is nothing in the stores. I called my father to ask him what he indispensab lenesss, and he dictates a long list antibiotics, bandages, penicillin, toilet paper, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, all these basic things for survival. Then I call my mother and ask what she needs. She says, I need Chanel lipstick, Absolute Red, Number 345, and hair spray. I am between these two. (Abramovic, 2005) Most modern art, in this case, within the context of theatre, videos and live performances, fail to provide ample background reinforcement against the dominant traditions and systems of belief.What invariably happens is that the audiences will remain ignorant to, consequently, unappreciative of the complexities and undertones of the supposedly artful, meaningful and profound gestures. The audience, instead of sharing that same degree of catharsis, sacrifice and initiation, will shy away. They themselves are alienated from the performance so much that they are brought far afield the community, forcing them to abandon the art because of pure shock and horror, largely as a result of their ineligibility to feel as the artists do (Freeland, 2001).Damien Hirst, the Britpack artist who sparked controversy in the 1990s with his motley display of macabre high-tech exhibits of dead sharks, sliced cows, or lambs in glasses of formaldehyde, has parlayed his notoriety into success with his popular Pharmacy restaurant in capital of the United Kingdom (Freeland, 2001). By no means, therefore, are the works that revolve around symbolisms, spirituality, humanity and fatalism seldom reflects the nature of most of our ritualistic traditions.Symbols of pain and suffering that are central to many religions, cultural systems, policy-making and social units, may come off to the lay person as undesirable and may even cause the same panic as had the man in Marina Abramovics performance. Art performance that utilizes imageries that hint at violence, torture and distress, when it is performed in the public who has no inkling of its context, meaning and history are in da nger of misconstruing art for capricious display of filth and tripe.As with all in theatre, the performer must work against mutual projection between audience and performer, the identification in which we believe so readily in the other as the keeper of our treasure and our disease (Tang, 2004). Valie Export, a similarly omnipresent and provocative figure in the world of art performance, shares the same problems of audience interaction, although not as much as Marina Abramovic. Beside art performance, her repertoire includes film, text, painting and photography to invoke a few.These avenues of artistic expression gravitate towards her criticisms for feminism and gender. A staunch activist and a progressive performer, she has oftentimes been called a woman living an anachronic life. This is due to her revolutionary ways to present her ideas that even her colleagues, who without proper notice of her intentions to perform, usually end up dismissing her as too fanciful and idealistic. Her works on Asemie or the Inability of Expressing Oneself Through Facial Expressions (1973) and Touch Cinema (1968) garnered both fame and distress.Chief of the reasons that contri howevered to an admixture of reception from the critics and audience is the fact that her ideas do not create strong meaningful associations that the people can readily identify with. Humor and parody may be part and parcel of her work as a performer, but these effects are not what she contemplated to be so. Indeed, while she wanted to catch the attention of her spectators, her ultimate goal is to instruct them of the subtle messages regarding feminism, modernism and ritual art.Export, along with the controversial artists at the turn of the 21st century, became (in-)famous in the recent decades because of her startling presentations of objects and her body (Mueller, 2004). Of her earlier works, Aktionshose Genitalpanik or Action Pants Genitals in Panic (1968), Export engaged the audience, piquing their imagination and belief, with a series of photographs, simultaneously permitting them to engage her as the tangible representations of the images presented in the collage.In an art theater in Munich, dressed to the nines, with the crotch cut out of her pants, Valie Export threaded each row person-to-person, showed her outfit thereby giving the film-viewing public with a palpably opthalmic representation with a real female body. In doing so Export tackled the pornographic reduction of women in static representations just when ideas of feminism and gender were starting to develop during that time. Her message is commensurate to a direct, unapologetic, political affront to the abstract objectification of the female body as a fetish.She moved an aesthetic gesture beyond the representational context of the safe boundaries of art into an actual encounter with a public. Export effectively brought to the fore the various dimension of simple, albeit arresting, bodily gestures both to get o ut and to represent action . . . by stressing the moment and the process of its own production (Stiles, n. d. ). Export repudiated the representational static sign and discharged an interventionist act by telltale(a) her yonic-self to the public vis-a-vis the photos on the display.Art performance, in the recent decades since its entrance in the mainstream, has, and is continuing to encompass a wide field of human proclivities which spans across a whole, comprehensive range of emotions, symbols and design. Although traditional views on aesthetics and taste still influence much of the productions in the art, more and more innovative, socially-informed, stunningly beautiful works of art performance are being (re-)invented and (re-)discovered every time. It doesnt matter whether these newly created art forms subscribe to tradition or to the taste of the general public.What matters most is the never-ending quest to plumb the full extent of our humanity as individuals and as a community . Art performance is yet to supplant, at least equal the popularity of video-films, cinema, photography and painting in terms of the instances that these are demanded by the public. But with the works of Marina Abramovic, Ulay, Damien Hirst, Valie Export et al and their boundless passion to break the limit and stun the public to enlightenment, art performance can be considered as a significant cornucopia of art studies and of artistic expression.A number of critics do give favorable comments to Marina Abramovics performances and ingenuity, Valie Exports live photography sessions, Hirsts gleaming vitrines with suspended animals inside (Freeland, 2001). However, it must be noted that even if the critics find them beautiful and artful still its startling content warrants full attention nothing short of shallow and pedantic in all consider of praise and criticism. Freeland writes, perhaps disinterestedness has some small and specific role in approaching difficult art by enabling us to try harder to tonus at and understand something that seems very repugnant to the senses (2001).The works content and the artist performing are just as crucial as the theories that argue art performance. It is not so much as merely an arbitrary act done through the caprice of a strange art performer. It is instead, a manifestation of our natural tendencies, our history, our sense of taste and what is beautiful, our entire spirituality and lastly, our consciousness set against the body as a tool to perceive reality.Art performance as practiced by these artists is a celebration of the body and of our community. An excellent performance and performer do more than take the audience to elevated heights, but also give them a sense of being truly and undeniably alive. And such, makes all the difference. References Abramovic, M. (2005). Marina Abramovic the biography of biographies. New York London Charta Publishers. Abramovic, M. (1998). Artist body performances 1969-1998. New York Lon don Charta Publishers.Freeland, C. (2001). But is it art? blood and beauty. New York Oxford University Press, Inc. Mueller, R. (1994). Valie Export fragments of imagination. Bloomington and Indianapolis Indiana University Press. Stiles, C. (n. d. ). Aktionshose genitalpanik (action pants genital in panic). Retrieved January 15 2008, The Galleries at Moore database. Tang, A. (2005). Gazing at horror body performance in the wake of mass social trauma. (Masters of Arts program, Rhodes University 2005). .

Mercantilism & economic school Essay Example for Free

Mercantilism economic school EssayMercantilism was a dominant economic school on Europe in XVI-XVIII century. The speculation suggests that the global derangement of international consider is constant and the prosperity of a nation depends on the government skill to support a positive balance of trade with opposite nations. Mercantilism considers economic assets as a set of stock including gold, silver and trade value (bullion). The way for the government to increase the capital is to deputize into miserliness through the system of tariffs and restrictions aimed on increase of export and decrease of import. There atomic number 18 several basic flaws in mercantile system.The first one is that is assumes that the turnover of international trade is stable. Thus, in case one state constantly benefits and another one constantly misses from trade the trade would very soon break away be political campaign the missing state would either lead bankrupt or stop trading, leavin g the advantageous state without income so both nations would loose. The second gap of mercantilism is that it does not consider costs of trade race. In case nations start to compete in increasing their export and trim down import this will cause them produce even the goods which are cheaper to buy in other countries.So, in case one nation would specialize in producing one commodity and other nation would produce another commodity, they would both benefit from exchanging those commodities. The third outrage of mercantilism is that it does not take into account the influence of gold on the monetary system. Endless accumulation of gold and silver ruined the pecuniary system of Spain in the XVII century, as the nation suffered from enormous inflation. The entire branches of sign of the zodiac economy were ruined resulting in dramatic reduce of export and collapse of mercantilist economy.Absolute Advantage possibleness Originally proposed by Adam Smith, this theory relies on the a bility of one nation to produce commodities with fewer costs and exchange those commodities to the ones other countries produce at lower costs. The need for less resources to produce a bad-tempered good results in its lower and attractive price on the international market and allows nations to specialize in production of some exact commodities both for home market and export thusly reviving global economy. The first flaw of the absolute advantage theory is that it reviews isolated commodities.It says in case we produce A better than another nation and another nation produces B better than we, so we would exchange, but it does not consider relative expenses of such production. In his famous example with drink and wool produced by Portugal and Scotland Ricardo proved that although Portugal produced both with fever relative costs, it would be more advantageous for Portugal to produce only wine and allow England produce wool to exchange for wine with Portugal as the relative expenses of production of wool in England are lower than of wine.The second gap of the theory is that it excludes countries which have no absolute advantage in any commodity out of global economy thus reducing the global turnover and excluding workers and financial resources of that nation out of global economy. In case this theory is applied, economy would turn into a club of nations which have certain absolute advantage in comparison to all other nations. Comparative Advantages Theory Originally proposed by David Ricardo, this theory suggests that all(prenominal) nation would benefit from production and export of only those goods and commodities which are produced with lower marginal costs than in other countries.Given that all the goods can be produced inside one country with an absolute advantage, this country would however benefit from import of goods which are produced with lower marginal costs in the other countries. The first remarkable disadvantage of the theory is that in case e very nation would hypothetically specialize in only one commodity this would result in elimination of competition in production of this commodity and let the producing nation speculate.The lack of both home and international competition would make nation strive to reduce costs in production of this commodity reducing its quality. Other countries which are economically dependent on the import of this commodity would not be able to combat such a development. The second disadvantage which is especially obvious in the modern economy is that the relative advantages theory does considers only the flow of goods, but not capitals, investments and debts. For example, producing debts costs nothing, so it would be dead economically advantageous to produce debts.Yet this gives an advantage only for a very short term, while soon the nation would face a immense demand for currency to pay for the assets, and as a result the export would be ruined while the import would boost devastating the econ omic causal agent for prosperity. The third gap is that short-term advantages can turn into long-term disadvantages. Sometimes it can be necessary for a nation to launch new industries which would become effective in a long term, so it has to give up on the comparative advantage theory to make profits in future.The Theory of Factor Endowment This is a mathematical theory of international trade proposed by Heckscher-Ohlin. Further developing Ricardos comparative advantage theory Heckscher-Ohlin offered to name patterns of commerce based on endowments of a trading region. Comparative advantages are determined by the countrys funds like land, labor and innate(p) resources. Assuming that both countries have equal technological development, each of them would benefit from trading goods requiring inputs of endowments that are locally abundant.For example, in case a nation has such(prenominal) land but little labor it would benefit from agricultural production. The flaws of the theory are as follows. First is that the states do not initiate trade as themselves, which is usually done by firms and corporations, and those firms strive to increase their benefit but not to make use of the factor endowment Secondly, the theory would work wellspring in the conditions of a perfect competition that no nation ever has.The trading partners are never fully informed of the endowment factor of their vis-a-vis making it hard for them to determine the benefits of application of their own endowments. Thirdly, as the theory considers only funds, it does not look at the technological development which is never completely equal between various countries, as well as the theory does not consider the influence of organizational and management factors that can make a nation effective in production of a particular commodity even if the nation comparatively lacks endowment.Bibliography 1. Ball, Donald McCulloh, Wendel, Geringer, Michael Frantz, Paul Minor, Michael. (2003). Internationa l Business The Challenge of globose Competition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 9 edition. 2. Mankiw, Gregory N. (2006). Principles of Economics. South-Western College Pub 4 edition 3. Buchholz, Todd G. (2007) New Ideas from Dead Economists An Introduction to Modern Economic Thought Plume Rev Upd edition

Information System of Retail Shop

Information constitution of rules of Retail ShopPrepared by Travis McEachronShakil KamranMuhammad Tanvir HasanFabrice HecdivertRhea FarrellThe objective of the class project is to investigate and evaluate an information system of go Inc. breakage Inc. is a handle organization that is comprised of stores nationwide as well as being internation all toldy based. They are mainly branded as Athleta, rupture, older Navy, Intermix and Banana Republic. Its first store opened in the year 1969 and without delay spans across the get together States of America and m either early(a) countries. Over the years, the organization has grown into queen-size business organizati unrivaleds with numbers of franchises. In addition to its onsite stores, it provides an e-commerce chopine for its rangy client base. The information system we decided to base our project on is clefts confer ambit Management System.Our team looked at the cede Chain Management System employmentd by possibility. Throughout, this report shows the findings, summary and recommendations for chaps organization. The main goal of this research is to identify how GAP operates and how does the Supply Chain Management System play a role in this. It goes into further details about competing with its competitors, and identify how GAP is performing in the raiment market.According to Thomas Wailgum (2007), Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way your fraternity finds the raw components it necessarily to make a product or supporter and incline it to clients.The planetary Supply Chain at col Inc. is employed with thousands of individuals around the world whereby creating the right product, made well and delivered at the right time. cleft praise its size and scale, as it continues to neuter the sell indus fork out, its Global Supply Chain is the instrument of innovativeness.- Gap Inc. Careers.GAP Inc. is one of the king-sizedst for pr 1ofit, American specialty sell corporations. GAP was first started by Donald and Doris F. Fisher in 1969. Art Peck is currently the President and CEO of GAP Inc. Their headquarters is located in San Francisco, California. GAP specializes in selling apparel clothing, shoes and accessories.The company has about 40 franchise suppliers, and as well as has everyplace 3,700 stores worldwide. It operates in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several locations in Europe. GAP has a hybrid organisational structure.GAP started as a single store in San Francisco, California and now has a chain of companies, including Old Navy, GAP, Banana Republic, and some(prenominal) more. The company offers products such(prenominal) as clothing, accessories, and care products for men, women, and children. GAP offers its services worldwide. Its Omni-channel supply chain allows GAPs many branches to stay inter attributeed. It also provides an e-commerce division, known as Growth Innovation Digital (GID), thus being qualified to expand its market over the years. GAPs main shipping carriers include FedEx, United States Postal Service, and United Parcel Service.In addition, GAP sales revenue for 2016 was 15.8Billion however, there was a decrease in sales growth at -3.88%. GAP Inc. competes with other large retailers, such as Macys, Wal-Mart, Target and other major stores. Unlike almost companies, GAP only provides apparel, where companies like Wal-Mart sell apparel, furniture, house appliances and so forth.Mission story GAP Inc. is a brand-builder. We create emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store beget compelling merchandise. Organizational anatomical structureInformation SystemsGap Inc. is large business that does business which includes retailers, such as Banana Republic, Old Navy, Athleta, Intermix, and so on therefore Gap Inc. uses a cloud calculation infrastructure in order to support their wor ld-wide business. Gap Inc. uses an omni- channel technology which allows and ensures customers get the products they when and where they want it. Gap Inc. also developed a bloodline Intelligence Group which allows the organizations to stay on a unified platform data which makes Big Data accessible supporting the companys strategic decision make. With this knowledge, I was commensurate to decipher that this organization uses a decision support system (DSS) mainly because Gap Inc. has an automatic loop systems that fits customers needs with any other concerns. There is a 24hrs (automated) customer service operator unless the concern is urgent, customers will then be transferred over to customer relations specialist that best fits that category of the customers concern. This company does take for an IT support team that is only accessible to Gap Inc. employees.Technical InformationAny companies software and Hardware they buy depends so much on the size, sophistication, and budget o f the retailer. The applications include merchandising systems, demand forecasting, replenishment, allocation, price management, price optimization, sourcing, product lifecycle management, inventory controller, point of sale, sales analysis, merchandise planning, location planning, markdown optimization, store operations, e-commerce, analytics and business intelligence, customer relationship management, and so on. GAP Inc. is a retail chains company, so they usually used apparel retailers software. Apparel retailers tend to have different systems needs from hardlines retailers or grocery retailers.GAP also use Dressing Room apps. Its avail open in Apple and Android both. This app was created to assist customers virtually. This tool came with a try on clothing capability and can be performed using smartphone, Augmented Reality experience. The Dressing Room by GAP app was created in association with Avametric technology, to deliver accurate shoes and texture of each clothing. GAP Inc. top priorities is continuing to improve their technical knowledge around how the fabric stretch, drape and feel collision the sensation of fit. engineering science gives customers incredible autonomy around the shop atping experience and its companys opportunity to explore refreshed ways to make customers shopping experience unforced and find different solutions that will add value to a customers experience. The Dressing Room by GAP pilot app is just one element of our longer-term strategic plan in this space.The GAP Inc. is taking advantage of software-defined (SD) mesh topologying, which is used to connect its several stores through the internet in the corporate network. It can now passage traffic through the public Internet using encrypted connections. The company is installing new software-defined routers from Viptela Inc. at each store to build a more efficient WAN to connect store branches. Network upgrades or changes can all be make remotely, which makes GAP work ea sier. The routers allow GAP to segment its network as security technique. GAP Inc. is currently using the SCMS PO application to manage purchased orders. In loyalty marketing, data and technical infrastructure are critical. At GAP Inc., marketing owns the customer database, which offers a true 360-degree view of the customer.GAP Inc. uses thirdly party service providers to manage the site and assist with business needs. Gap Inc. may share personal information with service providers in order to deliver the site and services as described in this Privacy Statement. These third parties include Taleo. Third party providers who are receiving personal information are expected to apply the same level of privacy protection as contained in this Global Privacy Statement. Also, they are required to keep personal information confidential for any purpose other than as originally intended.Global-Technology PlatformGAP Technology uses the DevOps principle. The DevOps principle refer to a stiff of practices which emphasize the collaboration and communication of both software developers and information technology professionals. The DevOps tool uses Holistic system thinking, no silos, Rapid and useful feedback and automate drudgery away.Ecommerce TechnologyGAP is comprised of 5 different e-commerce sites GAP, Old Navy, Banana Republic, Athlete and Intermix. With serving customers on a global customer base the E-commerce technology is needed. Growth Innovation Digital (GID) is the award-winning e-commerce division of GAP Inc. The Multi-brand shopping platform drives the web and mobile experience and multi-channel capabilities. Open source technology such as chef and OpenStack also plays a large role the online based websites to manage large jobs.Open Source TechnologyGAP uses Open Source technology such as chef which is used for writing system configurations. With many plugins and features at a low-cost savings is reveal for large businesses such as GAP. Chef is used to stream line the task of configuring and maintaining a companys servers and can integrate with cloud-based platforms such as Chef OpenStack, Amazon EC2 etc., Chef is able to manage large jobs on any infrastructure no matter the size. They enable services and features to deployed and update more frequently with small chances of down time. All at a respectable price range. Openstack is a free and open source software platform for cloud computing. The platform is made up of related components which control diverse, multi-vendor ironware pools for processing, storage and network resources through a data center.Omni-Channel Technology LogisticsOmni-channel technology and logistics uses a Global-Technology Platform. An Omni-channel supply chain uses a central pack pool to control a number of factors such as pricing, fulfilment, sales, stock management and ordering. These orders are fulfilled from numerous retail channels such as concessions, franchises, catalogue, web, stores and mobile. The central stock pool is the heart of all these operations. The supply chain is now on the front line thanks to Omni-channel. Omni-Channel interrelates everything from sales to your connected. The online store connects to the mobile store which connect to a retailor store. Such as you creating an order online and being able to go get that product from the store. It creates an interlock of transactions which is smarter and give the customer multiple choices of how to fit and get the required products they need.Enterprise PlatformsGAP uses a custom J2EE enterprise ecommerce platform. J2EE stands for Java 2 Enterprise Edition. The Java Centric environment with a set of services, API, and protocols that provide the functionality for developing multitude, web based applications.Security being utilize and Privacy and Ethical concerns with current lawsGAP was pieceed on doing business honestly, responsibly and ethically so corporate compliance is critical and taken very seriously. GAP has developed a Code of Business Conduct (COBC) where it gives employees an overview on what is acceptable use of GAP Inc. data and what is non tolerated. Each employee and director is responsible for complying with GAP Inc. COBC. GAP Inc. has created Global Integrity Department to implant the companys live compliance infrastructure. The Global Integrity Department works with Human Resources, Global Corporate Affairs, Internal Audit, Loss Prevention and Corporate Security to raise code awareness in spite of appearance the company, to monitor and audit Code compliance and to investigate all suspected code violations. For customers GAP Inc., has implemented a Customer Bill of Rights which is a primary customer policy on the rights you are entitled to as a GAP Inc. customer such as profiling being prohibited with any GAP Inc. facility, as well as unreasonable searches of customers by any employee. However the policy also includes rules on how GAP Inc. will react in case of any serious matters as stated A person may be detained only in a reasonable manner and for not more than a reasonable time to permit investigation or questioning, provided an authorized employee has reasonable grounds to believe that the person so detained was guilty of nefarious possession of an anti-security item or was committing or attempting to commit shoplifting on the premises (New York State General Business Law, Section 218). Security is also implemented physically by the presence of security guards to assure the safety of employees as well as shoppers within every GAP Inc. facility.Business InformationThe business aspect of GAP Inc. is focused on three major stages creation, integration and impact. Creation is when they first act or develop an innovative approach to creating hearty or environmental change. Once they demonstrate that the efforts bring benefits both to the people and communities they serve, as well as to their business, they move on to integration. Integration leads them away from a model in which sustainability is a separate function and toward one in which a much broader group of actors drives change. The result of this strategy is impact on a bigger scale and in a way, that is sustainable for the long term.A prime example of how business integration can help the company move forward involves their efforts to improve working conditions for the people who make their clothes. They have been expanding these efforts for more than two decades and have played a leading role in multi-stakeholder innovations such as the Better Work program, a collaborative approach to monitoring factories. While they have made significant progress through the work of our sustainability team, they separate that to create lasting, widespread change, their sourcing team and brands also need to play active roles. These teams are finding new ways to collaborate every day, including the setting of shared out sustainability goals.They are also taking an incorporate app roach to measuring the performance of our suppliers across all dimensions that are important to them, from working conditions to environmental performance. The technology is integrated through the use of machinery that stitches together the fabrics to make a certain piece of cloth. Nowadays its more computerized than before so when a layer of fabric is done the other departments can gossip the status of the job as they can have an expected ETA of when the clothing would be boxed, packaged and ready to go. They see the retail brick n mortar as costly, and Gap sees it actually as a way to connect the two areas of physical and non-physical stores. Reserving in store for quicker break up up is helpful, but it also drives foot traffic. Having the reverse ability to limit in-store products drives people online. Having it done through one seamless inventory makes sense. GAP mustiness have a global change. So far, Old Navy, the outlets and GAP are all global assortment, and Banana Repub lic is mostly a global assortment with some changes. The assortment then goes to universal fit, so Old Navy is a universal fit, outlets are a universal fit. The retailer can now ship a unit from a store to satisfy an online customer and that process will become seamless.The Information System and CompetitionGAP Inc. is one of the many businesses in the retail market, which include a number of competitors such as Aeropostale, Macys, J.C Penney and many more. All of the aforementioned stores sells clothing, shoes and many different products. They all compete to sell the best tone of voice of designer outfits all priced differently. As businesses continue to compete for a larger customer base and target groups, brand and pricing are two major factors for its growth. The advantages are providing better customer service, providing longer training periods for new employees and providing incentive programs.A well-known company as GAP faces little threat to new retail businesses just ente ring the market. These businesses will initially have a hard time competing with Gaps larger customer base, global presence, their ability to sell their apparel at a lower cost, their multimedia advertising, and their large-scale production market, which are parts of the Supply Chain Management.Competing on a Global Scale GAP Inc. is one of the leading international retail companies with five different brands in the United States of America, France, Canada, United Kingdom and so forth. Their supply chain franchise spans across 40 countries, in Asia, Australia, South America and Africa. Its employees play a huge role in sourcing, making, and delivering these many products. It also combines stores, outlets and multiple franchises. This allows it to compete with many retailers on a global scale. With its international presence on six continents. GAP Inc. has a huge advantage in attracting customers and making its large presence around the world known. Over the years, GAP Inc. through i ts many stores has provided its customers with an e commerce online market to buy products.Competing on timberland and Design GAP Inc. has a large customer base and has to create up-to-date trends for its customers. To reiterate, GAP Inc. is franchised in many places around the world. It provides high quality designs at reasonable prices. It has managed to add an abundance of stores to differentiate its brand from other retailers Intermix and Banana Republic are just a few. They have also grow their markets to attract teens, while keeping their existing customers. For example, Old Navy has added a baby department.Competing on Business Processes GAP works to reorganize and redesign its organizational structure of its business to help expand its company and increase its customer base. Big data plays a huge role in this goal. Companies such as GAP collect huge amounts of information to see what customers want and need. With this, large data is analyzed based on consumer trends on a d ay-to-day basis. This allows them to change their market strategy and increase productivity in order to deliver more value to its large customer base. Also, GAP keeps track of what its competitors are doing to see how it can improve service. Furthermore, GAP is focused on providing quality products to the market by changing its planning and allocation processes, its operation, and its process design. GAP continues to improve its global growth, customer relationships and speed. The company is using the Business Process Redesign (BPR) to exploit technologies to reconstruct its organization, two of these technologies are Omni-channel technology and e-commerce.Porters Five Competitive ForcesWhen addressing how GAP competes with other businesses, it is essential to refer to Porters five agonistic forces. The following shows an analysis of Porters five competitive forces based on GAP Inc. and highlights the view of a competitive retail industry. When looking at GAPs competitive analysis differentiation, operational effectiveness, innovation and customer orientation strategy is essential to GAPs goals and approach to compete with other businesses.The threat of accession of new competitorsThe threat of entry of new competitors is low. There is an abundance of retail stores worldwide who compete with GAP on a daily basis. These stores often sell substitute apparel to GAP and at a lower cost. However, advertising and the promotion of a brand name are risky for new competitors and gives GAP an advantage when new competitors are trying to enter. New customers will find it hard to compete with GAPs large customer base located in over 3,700 countries worldwide, including the United States and England.The bargaining magnate of suppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is low. GAP purchase its products from factories in almost 40 countries, including Asia and South America. The fact GAP does not reliant on a single supply makes it easier for them to bargain with its fra nchises. It is equally important for suppliers to kept businesses with GAP because of its high demand of orders.The bargaining power of customers (buyers)The bargaining power of customers is high. GAP provides to a huge customer base in countries, such as Canada, Japan, North America and the United Kingdom. With the large retail market customers have the ability to choose from an abundance of retail stores worldwide, including HM, American Eagle and Aeropostale. However, some customers look at brand image and choose to buy at a particular store. This gives GAP an advantage because of advertisement and its many locations.The threat of substitute products and servicesThe threat of substitute products and services is high. Gaps multiple brands have become some of the most recognizable labels within the apparel industry. Many retail stores sell the same apparel as GAP, including clothing, accessories and shoes. GAP Inc. is able to compete with other companies because it is large and has the ability to sell products at a low cost. However, because GAPs brand name it makes it easier for them to perform with companies who sells the same products.The rivalry among existing firms in the industryThe rivalry among existing firms in the industry is high. As it relates to this competitive force GAPs main competitors include business such as JCPenney, Aeropostale and American Eagle Outfitters. However, despites GAPs presence in the apparel market, it holds just about 5% in market share, when compared with Macys and Wal-Mart who holds 9% and 7% respectively. GAP competes with companies on a national and international scale. Over the years, GAP has been able to expand its market to reach a larger customer base, for example, adding its e-commerce market. Also, it has been able to sell its products at a lower cost to compete with other businesses.It was found that, GAP does not have a large market share, however, GAP has the ability to maintain its competitive status. In additi on, GAP is using Porters five competitive forces to strategically compete with other businesses. Statistics also shows that GAP has been decreasing with sales, in 2016 it showed that there was a decrease in sales growth of -3.88%.Also, GAP has been able to keep its a large customer base. With GAPs geographic presence and the help of its e-commerce market, the company has been able to expand over the years. GAP offer customers the opportunity to shop online from anywhere in the world. Customers are able to return products bought online directly to the store. GAP e-commerce presence allows for its continued growth, increase customer base and increase productivity.Furthermore, GAP has been able to compete with new and existing businesses. Since GAP is not the only company who sells apparel, they are often challenged to fluctuate prices, and maintain a quality brand name. development Omni-channel technology has also helped GAP significantly. This has allowed the corporation to connect its branches with a single supply chain management system to improve efficiency.There are many recommendations unheard of by the public or consumer side of the market by GAP. Inc. Ways to make a such highly praised company such as GAP increase profit and gain more loyal customers who see more than just a brand name. Innovations that can create an unstoppable marketing and ecommerce business to bring them all the way to the top. All the competitors of GAP are thinking of new ways to beat out the company by making their market on top of the rest. Which is why clothing retail being such a hotspot due to the constant demand for clothing.A new business based Omni-channel where they adding such devices and application to technology such as smart TVs, Smartwatches and even a new device that allows to you order distinctly from their retailers such as Banana Republic, Athleta, Old Navy, and Intermix would be nothing but genius. This device would also include for those who shop at these of br anches coupons, giveaways, discounts etc. The device would be free but would require you to be a valued customer with a GAP account for a certain number of months, years etc. This is a new idea seeing that not many retailers within the clothing company own their own device to do such a thing. It is a concept in the making and just an idea but an innovating idea at that.New innovative ideas can help GAP tremendously. GAP has the ability to sell new products that is not offered by other and improve its original brand. I recommend that GAP provides its on customer on a high level of professional development by offering their customers extreme value, for instance, keeping up with the latest trends. In addition, the organization should provide customers with high quality product in order to distinguish itself from its competitors.GAP has begun productivity improvement whereby they will a number of their locations worldwide and expand its brand to North America. Also, GAP must be focused on its customer base. This means that it should us collected data to see what customers are buying on daily basis. GAP is using a cloud based optimization system to focus on its inventory. This will allow GAP to strategical positon its many businesses.GAP for certain has the ability to improve the business operations. The company can improve their e-commerce market by integrating their e-commerce platform and physical store. Overall, the GAP must improve productivity along with its profit margin.GAP Inc. LogoGAP Inc. Market ShareGAP Inc. Many Locations WorldwideOmni-channel LogisticsReferencesAhmed, R. R. (2014). Case Study Report GAP Inc. Supply Chain Managment. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.academia.edu/7583705/Case_Study_Report_GAP_Inc._-Supply_Chain_ManagmentCorporate Compliance. (n.d.). Retrieved walk 1, 2017, from http//www.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/investors/corporate_compliance.htmlCustomer Bill of Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved ring 10, 2017, from http//ww w.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/aboutus/customer_rights.htmlGap Inc Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//jobs.gapinc.com/global-supplyGap Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2017, from http//www.marketwatch.com/ drop/stock/gps/financialsGap Inc. (2017, March 15). Retrieved March 5, 2017, from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Inc.Gap Inc. Porters Five Forces Analysis A Highly Competitive Industry with Immense Buyer Bargaining Power. (2016, October 23). Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http//research-methodology.net/gap-inc-porters-five-forces-analysis-a-highly-competitive-industry-with-immense-buyer-bargaining-power/Osmanay, A. (n.d.). Gap Inc. Marketing Strategy Analysis of the Company. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http//www.academia.edu/19985431/Gap_Inc._Marketing_Strategy_Analysis_of_the_CompanyOur Sustainability Strategy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2017, from http//www.gapincsustainability.com/strategy/our-sustainability-strategyShop By Department. (n.d.). Re trieved March 8, 2017, from http//www.gap.com/browse/info.do?cid=80004The worlds favorite for American style. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2017, from http//www.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/aboutus.htmlWailgum, T. (2007, March 19). Supply Chain Management Definition and Solutions. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http//www.cio.com/article/2439493/supply-chain-management/supply-chain-management-definition-and-solutions.htmlcompany_name Company Profile from Hoovers. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2017, from http//www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/companyprofile.the_gap_inc.5b8839480138c8d6.html

Virtual Reality A Modern Technology Media Essay

Virtual ingenuousness A Modern Technology Media EssayVirtual universe is one of the modern technologies which was introduced a few decades back and has taken an important place in the field of technology in a very short time. it determines map of an artificial environment generated by the computer in which simulates the real environment. Besides gaining an immediate acceptance in the world of computer games, it is instantly being employ in many fields of life including architecture, medicine, military and aviation. Scientists and res stiletto heelchers are expecting to explore a lot in this modern technology than what we kat once about it today. It is a great leap in the field of 3D and a lot of work is let off under progress. The discussion below is an insight into the details of this technology, its put ons, advantages, disadvantages and cordial impacts.The landmark realistic(prenominal) reality refers to refers to a modern technology providing an immersive, interactiv e experience employ the lead dimensional computer based graphic images. This technology creates an artificial environment with the help of computer hardware and software and is presented to the drillr in way which simulates the real world.The equipment makes use of a twin of special gloves, ear phones and goggles, the three of them being controlled by the computer. In this way, three of the users five senses are receiving and input from the computer. The goggles also act by detecting the eye movements of the user, thereby monitoring his actions.ORIGINThe idea of practical(prenominal) reality was first presented in 1930s, when the first fight simulator was invented by the scientists for the purpose of training the pilots. This was in an attempt to situate them for the authentic fledge environment before being able to fly a real fighter plane.The invention got improvement in 1965, when Ivan Sutherland, an Ameri wad, presented his theory of ontogenesis a portable virtual world employ two tiny television sets, one meant for each eye. His invention worked, but to a very prefatorial level. The images were rough and not clear. An another(prenominal) problem was the weight of the helmet used. It was quite heavy and needed to be supported from the ceiling.But the idea has actually got its base and now needed to be improved. Scientist continued working on this idea until in 1985, Michael McGreevy, from NASA introduced a much improved version of virtual reality. It was light weighted, using cycle helmet with mini display screens. It was also pull up stakesd with the special sensors which were used to detect movements with the help of sensitive computer technology.Finally, during 1986, the invention got its final touch when a computer games computer programmer named Jaron Lanier introduced a new glove for virtual reality. In this way took the modern form in which we look it today. (Virtual Reality, 2004)TYPES OF VIRTUAL REALITYThere are three main types of virt ual reality technologyThe first one uses a helmet, ear phones and a pair of special gloves or joy sticks controlled by a computer and assisted by special sound effects and graphic images.The second one makes use of the video cameras. These cameras track the image of the participant in an artificially created virtual world. The participant can even move the objects in this world using virtual technology.The third type makes use of the three dimensional images. The screen used is shaped in a curve. This makes the images fillr to the real world. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001).CATEGORIESThere are six categories in which virtual reality can be displayedDesktop displays,Head-mounted displays,Arm-mounted displays,Single screen displays,Surround screen displays andVolumetric displays. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001).The head mounted displays are among the close widely used displays for virtual reality. In this device, a pair of display screens is placed right in front of the users eyes. These screens are attached to a helmet which the user wears.The arm mounted displays resemble a pair of binoculars mounted on an articulated arm. The user visualizes the virtual world by means of lenses. His virtual environment is controlled by his movements at an arms distance and range of motion.Single screen displays use the Immersive Workbench products. These products mostly make use of a tabletop metaphor where the virtual objects give an impression of lying on the table top.Other types of single screen displays make use of a window metaphor. In this kind of display the image seems to be appearing in a large window opened into a virtual space.Another sort of display is known as CAVE, where the viewer sees the images in the form of sixfold screens surrounding him as if he is present intimate a large cube. The viewer can explore the virtual world by moving inside the cube. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001).USESVirtual reality is now being used in many professions includ ing architecture, meteorology, military, aesculapian and molecular studies.1. Architecture. Virtual reality has been now used for long in the field of architecture. It has been used to establish the models of buildings before the construction is started. It has also proved to be helpful to determine how a building may have collapsed and to provide improvements in reconstructing a damaged building.2. Weather Forecast. Virtual reality has also been used in the weather forecast profession by simulating the images with the information undisturbed from the satellites and radars.3. Military Training. Now virtual reality has officially been declared a part of the U.S military training. They make use of the environments created using virtual reality in whole rooms where soldiers are provided different experiences. These include the war fields as well as different exercises.4. Cancer Chemotherapy. Another remarkable use of virtual reality in medical field is as a treatment for the cancer tolerants. Chemotherapy is a painful procedure for most of the patients, in so far it is undeniable as many malignant cancers cant be treated but their progression can be stopped by the chemotherapy treatment.It has been shown that if the chemotherapy is provided to these patients while they indulge themselves in some activity using virtual world, the pain felt is quite less that that experienced without it. numerous chemotherapy centers are now making use of this technology.It is oddly true in case of youngsterren suffering with cancerous lesions requiring chemotherapy. They feel the procedure less painful if they are allowed to play games or perform any other activity using virtual world and receiving the chemotherapy at the same time.Researchers explain this by the fact that three of the users senses become occupied while using the virtual world. These include, vision, hearing and touch. Thus the brain is actually distracted from the painful event being carried out.Images a lso play quite an important role in this treatment. The patient is given the option to take any image of his/her choice, like walking on a beach, or considering an art gallery or execute deep sea diving etc.5. Molecular Biology. The molecular biology is also making use of virtual reality in order to accept the molecular and cellular structures. It enables the scientists to visit small sections of a molecule and study its properties.6. Medical Studies. Virtual reality is now being used in medical studies as well. By using virtual reality, the medical students and even doctors can learn complex medical procedures without risking anyones life.In medical field virtual reality has been used in diagnosing various diseases using the images provided by other scans and then merging them using medical technology. (eHow, 2010)7. Driving Lessons. In many countries now virtual reality has been used for tearaway(a) tests as well. Apart from the actual on-road driving test, the candidates hav e to take a virtual reality based driving test as well which simulates the real environment.8. Disabled Children. Virtual reality has also proven itself to be a bless for the disabled children. A child who a wheel chair for moving needs around can gain an insight of many of the places which he cannot otherwise visit. He can select the images or environment of choice and go to the virtual world for flight, diving, walking, fighting, driving or many other activities. In this regard it is a great blessing for the bed ridden or wheel chair bound children or individuals. (itgs, 2010)ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESThe main advantages of virtual reality are as followsVirtual reality provides the diverse types of data available in instant forms.It provides images from many different points of views.It is able to demonstrate the non-visible data to the user like in case of geochemistry.Allows a person to visit the places normally inaccessible to individuals.Provides an experience which can be repeated and revised.It can cover the education and knowledge related to almost all fields of life. purge children as well as adults can get benefit from it.It provides information in an interesting manner preventing the user from getting bored. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006).Virtual Reality 9A remarkable research being carried out now a day is an attempt to make virtual reality usable by the blind persons in order to enable them to face the real world challenges using modern technology.Although the development of a virtual world can be considered as a great leap in the modern technology, yet a lot needs to be still done in this field. stipulation below is a chart displaying the possible harmful health effects of virtual reality(Bing Images, 2010).The progress may be considered as slow mainly because of its complex technology. Other disadvantages includeThis technique uses the computer visualization and digital techniques, yet it does not present the true three dimensional natures of objects.Although it is very close to reality, yet is unable to provide the feelings of touch, smell etc.It is still not as beneficial as being really in a field.visit a website using virtual reality is difficult and hindered by many factors like the network access, load on network and number of connections etc.Many websites accessed using virtual reality are ephemeral and not permanent.Yet needs much improvement regarding the teaching environment.The user may get unconnected over different websites, thereby increasing the problem of time management. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006).Some users complain of nausea and vomiting by an excessive and continuous use of virtual reality technology.CAN VIRTUAL WORLD REPLACE THE REAL EXPERIENCE?Virtual world is although quite close to the real world yet it is still unable to replace the feelings of a real world. As an example, the virtual reality technology is now being used for military training as well. But a soldier actually knows that he is not freeing to get any harm from any bullet coming from an unknown informant or a surprising attack. These feelings can only be experienced while being in an actual war field where all of a soldiers instincts are fully active in order to prevent him from any unknown danger, as he knows that it is real and he can even groundless his life if he gets distracted from this actual environment. (Science Clarified, 2010)Similarly, it was found many years back that the pilots trained by using the flight simulators make mistakes while quick the actual plane. This occurs because of the actual differences found between the virtual and the real world. As for example, a flight simulator is unable to present the affects of simulation that a pilot feels during an actual flight. Thus, when he gets into a real flight, he faces confusion while experiencing the new sensation. Yet, this is a temporary problem and is resolved by allowing the pilots trained by flight simulators to fly a plane, only after twenty four hours have passed.These problems are although temporary, but they have raised questions about whether a long term use of virtual reality able to bring about permanent changes, specially in children, whose brains are still under developing stage and can easily be modified as compared to the grown ups. Some psychologists believe that a long term and frequent use of virtual reality is pass to change the way, people are used to perceive the real world.According to some psychiatrists, a prolonged use of virtual world can make people avoid real life problems instead of trying to solve them.WORLDWIDE ACCEPTANCEAlthough virtual reality technology can be still described to be in its initial stages, yet there are now about 61,000 commercial companies all over the world which are using the virtual reality technology to produce different products.Even at this basic stage, now virtual reality has become a part of the educational training at about 3,600 educational institutes all over the world. (authorSTREAM, 2010)There can be no doubt in saying this that the use of virtual reality has now adjoind to a great extent than the time when it was introduced initially, all over the world. Given below is a graph showing an increase in the use of virtual reality over the period of years. (Google images, 2010)CONCLUSIONVirtual reality can be described as one of the most important inventions of the modern world. Initially when computer was invented, it did not have much uses. With time, many improvements were made and computer started taking an important place at offices, homes and industries. cultivation of internet was a remarkable addition and it made the computer a necessity for every work place as well as homes. in like manner virtual reality was developed initially with a very basic knowledge. But now, it has started taking an important place at many work places especially those professions which are related to computer and technology. Still studies are being carried out in order to make further improvements in it, and we can predict its splendor in the upcoming time mainly because of the reason that the virtual reality enables a person to visit any place or environment where it is sometimes practically impossible to go in person. One can visit the internal body, the space, the molecular structures, deep sea, buildings, sky, planets or whatever one can find of. Science is amazing and the computer world is giving the mankind an experience of a totally new world which could not be imagined some decades back.Thus, virtual reality can be easily described as one of those inventions of science, which carry a great elasticity in them and with the research work going on in this field, we can hope to get even better results expected to bring great changes in almost every field using computer technology.

High Speed Wireless Broadband Network in Malaysia

High Speed Wireless Broadband Network in MalaysiaThe intention of this concluding year get off is to study about the high drive on radio set giganticband meshwork in Malaysia. This project consists of two major parts which are investigating of problems of assistance in tuner commodiousband lucre and amelioration and sweetener in tuner extensiveband cyberspace in Malaysia. For all(prenominal) part, is further divided into the making of comparison between radio receiver broadband digestrs in Malaysia. The search part requires the study about the breakment and enhancement about the radio discourse broadband engineering science in Malaysia and the latest applied science that seat be employ in Malaysia.In this project, for the comparison part, focused on famous and big company of wireless broadband supplier such as Celcom ,DiGi,Telekom Malaysia and P1WiMAX in their technology and problems occur. Apart from this, we volition know the outdo technology in wirel ess broadband. The project of the development of wireless technology throughout Malaysia should be view not only from the yieldr side but also from the exploiter pass of view. Furthermore, substance abuser wants the best for them and the main aspect in enhancing the wireless technology in Malaysia.This final year project gave exposure in about all the technology been used in implementing the wireless technology. Any link up or useful knowledge gained during formal study was able to be applied during the completion of this project. Furthermore, this project also gave valuable experience throughout the look into in searching for the schooling.This project is genuinely useful and meaningful as high speed wireless broadband has a truly wide lam of user. The technology is usually use to ascribe people everywhere and one of the key of learning. The advantages in utilize wireless broadband over frosty business sector cable of these systems are wireless technology not using an y cable so it is wireless and portable. It also has premier performance dep residue uping on the technology being used.MOTIVATIONThe author has been motivated to write this report for various reasons.Scientific research in the wireless multimedia communication field is emergence fast.Futhermore,the plan of different technologies in wireless broadband technology offering different performance leave alone make the author eager to go on out the best for both users and tryrs.The impressive evolution of mobile vanes and the potential of wireless multimedia communication pose many questions to operators,manufacturers and scientists working in the field.The future scenario is open to some(prenominal) picks such as thoughts,proposals and activities of the near future could provide the answer to open points and dictate the better and improved trends of wireless world.Because of this,the author is very enthusiasm to participate in the research to the Malaysia in enhancing and developi ng the wireless technology.Nowadays, the exercise of Internet is become inbred in humans life. Internet earth-closet help us in doing many tasks in our daily life. One sight say that life mean nothing without Internet market. However the browsing activity exit occur some problems such as the coverage, speed and other limitation. This phenomenon has inspired the author to research the high speed wireless technology that will toy bene concord to the user. This research will help both provider and user in bringing wireless technology to the further stage.OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECTThe main impersonal of this project is to study and research about the high speed wireless broadband network and to give the sackvas the main wireless broadband providers in Malaysia. The research will reveal the best provider and technology for the customer to choose. Therefore, in order to turn over the target, the objectives listed below should be met.Firstly is to analyze on each technology that b een use to come out with the best technique to make this wireless technology better. Secondly, is to study the improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband network in Malaysia and finally, the most crucial part of the project is to make comparisons between main wireless broadband network provider in Malaysia by considering in many aspect such as their technology, problems and work.PROJECT DESCRIPTIONIn this project, a detail research about wireless broadband in Malaysia had been studied. For the improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband part, the main goal is to improve and enhance the technology of the wireless.The requirement for this research is the wireless broadband technology must require both provider and user satisfaction. Both providers and users want to improve coverage, call quality, lower the cost, traffic management and the services.All of this female genital organ be achieve by using better technology such as HSDPA,iBurst,WiMAX and others so that the fin al product will be easy to install, best quality, low- tolld and portableThe main wireless in Malaysia are DiGi,P1WiMAX,Celcom and Maxis. This provider use different technology for last mile. So, comparison has been proceed between those technologies so find their pro and cons.This report and project is intended for use by graduate students approaching research activities in the wireless communications area and by pro engineers and project managers involve in wireless design,aiming for better and at consolidating their future vision of the wireless multimedia world.Current mobile and wireless system and architectural concepts must evolve in order to cope with complex connectivity requirements and also users need. Scientific research in this truly multidisciplinary field is growing fast. This project will discover and reveal about the new technologies,new architectural concepts and new challenges that are emerging.PROJECT ARRANGEMENTThis project comprises of two major parts which a re compare and research part. For the comparison part, it can be further separated into the customer side and the provider side.In order to satisfy both sides,survey been made and interview been proceed.The information achieved from the company will be private and confidential similar to the personal information of the customer .This is true data from both side without any pause from them.This project was handled by two persons. The persons who are refer in this project are the author and partner The author is responsible in improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband network in Malaysia while Nur Kamila Mohd Kamil is responsible in investigating of problems of service in wireless broadband network.Both of us will focus on comparison between the main wireless provider is Malaysia.THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROGRESS OF THE PROJECTInitial StageInitially, a complete and omnibus(prenominal) literature review is done to gain as many information as possible, to ensure a thorough und erstanding before any preparation or generating of ideas is done to generally start the project. The entire literature review consists of a variety of information obtained from the Internet, books, journals that have information about wireless broadband. growth StageIn this development stage, the entire information gathered in the runner stage is investigating all the information collected at the first stage.At this stage also we have done comparing the wired cable and also wireless broadband by interviewing Telekom Berhad.We distributing survey to know customer point of view.To collect more information,we also interview other broadband provider.Final StageIn this final stage, the process for this project becomes more complicated and specific. It is because this final stage deals with compiling and analyzing the data and information collected at the initial and development stage.However, collecting data is still proceed in this stage as there are a lot of information and wireless b roadband is getting wider and the technology are getting better day by day. That is why this stage is very important in learning how to adapt the technologies that never stop growing, which is invaluable to any engineering student.CHAPTER OVERVIEWThis report has been conceived to cover several traditionally separated chapters,there by offering the complete guide to approach issues related to the wireless multimedia communication network improvement and enhancement.Chapter 1 covers the objectives that the author wants to achieve to ensure the success of this project and the overall ideas related to the project are explained in detail.Chapter 2 covers literature review on the improving and enhancing the wireless broadband and background of the major technologies that been studied in completing this project. This chapter contains a brief overview of all the theory that was collected throughout the researched.Chapter 3 covers methodology involved in this project. The method to obtain al l those result draw.Chapter 4 contains result from the analyzing all the data collected in this project through research, interview and survey. This result is described base on the theory researched before.Chapter 5 contains the conclusion for the entire project and its achievements.Recommendations for future improvement is also stated in this chapter.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE come offIn this chapter 2,the report will provides the readers with all those technologies adopted in current wireless communication systems and the author also presents some proposed the latest technologies that already implement abroad to be done in Malaysia.This chapter will be devided into 2 parts improvement part and enhancement part.Chapter 2 also explained about the Malaysias regimen plan in developing broadband technology and also overview about the main wireless broadband providers in Malaysia.INTRODUCTION TO BROADBANDAny geek of transmission system technique that carries some data channels over a com mon wire refers to broadband.digital subscriber lineservice, combines separate voice and data channels over a single telephone line, is one of the case of broadband technology. Broadband constitutes any form of high-speed Internet ingress using this transmission technique in home networking. Voice fills the low end of the frequency spectrum and data fills the high end in DSL.General broadband Internet technologies are both DSL and cable modem. Devices that support both DSL and cable are broadband routersand broadbandmodems.Fiber (FTTH)and fixed wireless are other types of home broadband. Can bear the network bandwidth at least 256Kbpsfor connecters in one direction is a general guideline to meet the criteria as a broadband Internet service.The term broadband generally refers to high-speed Internet entry that faster than the true dial-up access and that is always on. Broadband is dissimilar from dail-up where broadband service supplies higher-speed of data transmission. The trans mission argumentation will allows extra content to be carried through it. On the other hand, broadband offers access to the highest quality Internet services such as drift media, VoIP (Internet phone), gaming, and interactive services. Many of these current and newly-developing services require the transition of large amounts of data that may not be technically practical with dial-up service. Therefore, broadband service may be ever more necessary to access the full range of services and opportunities that the Internet can offer. Broadband is always on so there is no need to reconnect to network after logging off. For this reason it does not block phone lines. Broadband has less delay in transmission of content.(http//www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html).Broadband in MalaysiaMalaysian broadband users are growing in numbers every day.According to an AC Nielsen survey in 2009,Malaysians ranked third in the global ranking of the Digital media consumers,who spend over 20 hours a we ek watching streamed or downloaded content from the Internet.It is undeniable that there is a growing need from Malaysians for a better broadband service.The reason why broadband has become a necessity is because moving to tne web-o-sphere is inevitable for any somatic entity today.The broadband and Internet opens up a host of business opportunities,options and solutions allowing market expansion and growth.Broadband enable Malaysian to communicate.They can communicate via e-mail as well as other social networking sites and the Internet sometimes functions as students virtual classroom and for students course work.Broadband service is an important need of companies.They could suffer losses as slow services would hinder the online experience.As Malaysian are already in the IT world, Malaysian dont just need a broadband service,but need one that is better.As Malaysia is develops,the usage of the internet becomes even more vital as Malaysia has a high number of users,Internet service providers should cater the best for the users.Broadband service is a necessity for the corporate world as well as personal use.Internet is the integral part of the modern world.It is time for Malaysian to enjoy something that they need less hassle as technologies have allowed room for improvement in the Internet service. (daripade malay mail paper).Malaysia National Broadband Initiative (NBI).The National Broadband Initiative is the governments initiative to provide broadband service to the whole country and highspeed broadband with high economic activities.The target is to connect 50 percent of Malaysian households to broadband by 2010.This meter on household will futher be enhanced by considering other elements that would better reflect the use of broadband by the citizen such as taking into account cellular mobile penetration,PC ownership,use of internet in Community Broadband Centres,office and school. at a lower place the NBI,highspeed broadband service will be 10Mbs and belo w.The era of slow Internet (dail-up) connection will be over and of course broadband will transfer peoples lives.The aim is to narrow the gap between the haves in urban areas,and have-nots in hoidenish areas,often referred to as the digital divide.This imbalance in communication access can have social ramifications if not address at the nation al level.In Malaysia,the herd to narrow down the gap between the urban and artless has been entrusted to the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commision (MCMC).MCMC is mandated to work towards narrowing the inequalities of access that exist in underserved areas and populations.MCMC has overseen project that have steadily reduced the number of areas that were not served by telecommunications services.Speeding Up Malaysias TranformationICT and Internet are recognised as vital support services and platform in driving all other sectors in the social economic growth of nations along the lines of knowledge based and Digital economy.As a sy nthetical follow-through of the ICT development for the country following earlier related initiatives in computerization,upgrading and Digitalisation of the communications networks,the introduction of the multimedia super corridor (MSC) in the 1996,the advent and the phenomenal take up the Internet and IP-based technologies,the nation has indeed stepped up with the introduction of NBI in October 2004.The strategy adopted under the NBI was to address the availability of broadband as an engine of growth and need to bridge the Digital divide with the objective of providing equitable access to communication services.More importantly ,the citizen have access to canonic amenities to basic amenities through the Internet such as health and emergency services,schools, government and topical anaesthetic services and of course other consumer services.Under NBI, rural communities will be connected to broadband services through the Community Broadband Centre located throughout the country.The competitive environment generated by the communications and multimedia industry has propelled the widespread adoptation of broadband through availability of affordable package and choices to the Malaysian public hence increasing the connectivity of the citizen and reach to market. travel Towards Innovation EconomyWith broadband,Malaysian will have access to the Internet,information and services that can be capitalised to improve socio-economic standing.Rural communities in the hard-to-reach places especially,can use broadband to gather useful information and access to services at their fingertips,without having to go far and wide.Broadband is expected to have tangible impact on Malaysias Gross Domestic Product (GDP).It will adjoin national competitiveness and foreign direct investments addition enable a knowledge-based and innovation driven economy.NBI targets 50 percents households to get broadband service by end of 2010.It is a government initiative to provide infrastructure in l ine with the new economic model,aims to transform Malaysia into knowledge based society generating the high income economy.In overall term, it aims to improve,the nations socio-economic standing globally.As the NBI will provide the service to the whole country,so every one will be entitled to the broadband service including those in the rural areas.This access to knowledge could be extended to family members and communities which in turn will enrich the nation.With the NBI, economic innovation can also help bridge the socio-economic gap.The broadband service,has leveraged the small medium enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) to market their products to much larger networks via the world wide web.Although there are concerns usage Internet will expose the people to minus influences,but to curb it, Internet also provides the education and knowledge at the fingertip.Malaysias government on its part will take proactive action to prevent blackball elements to stringent monitoring and en forcement of laws.Just as much as the country will get the economic benefits there are other aspects that Malaysia can gain from the improvement and enhancement of the broadband service too.The advantage of broadband service are limitless.INTRODUCTION TO wireless TECHNOLOGYWireless is very essential.Wireless networksis presenting a network having no wires as wireless network can connect your computer to a network using radio waves and so you can move your computer wheresoever easily. Wireless network has made a network very portable because of digital modulation, adaptive modulation, information compression, and access multiplexing. IT Consulting group with IEEE certified 802.11b technology, introduced wireless networks. With wireless networks, you will experience the privacy and personal computer security extra than before. Air is the medium for the wireless network. A wireless networks have offering very flexible, roaming, high standard and low cost. There are different types of wireless network such as wireless LAN, wireless MAN, and mobile devices network. 2.2.1Types of Wireless Networks and network usageImagine the world is completely without wire. It must be amazing and very comfortable. Without using any wires, by means of communication, a wireless network able to two or more than two computers.Depends on the technology which is using, wireless networksutilizes spread-spectrum orOFDM. User able to travel about within a wide coverage area and they still can be connected to the network with wireless network. There are different types of wireless networking such as wide area network, local area network and personal area network but the most common are of two which are WLAN(Wireless Local force field Network) and WMAN(Wireless Metropolitan Area Network).The usage of wireless networking greater than ever gradually because it has influenced vital impact on the world therefore its uses have substantially developed. through and through wireless networks, you can send information over the world using satellites. As wireless network utilize to commune significant information speedily, wireless networks used in emergency services like police department nowadays. It doesnt matter to be in a small office or crossways the world, the growth of wireless network increasing develops both in people and businesses to send and share data rapidly. An extra very important exercise for wireless networks is as a cheap and fast way to be linked to the Internet in regions especially where telecom transportation is insufficient and no consultation for communication. You can get access to other network resources like Library Online System to make use of wireless networks because to move your laptop anywhere is very easy nowadays. The use of printer, file sharing and other documents with high security is also can be implement with wireless network.(http//www.freewimaxinfo.com/wireless-network.html).IMPROVING THE HIGH-SPEED WIRELESS BROADBAND TECHNOLOGYComm only, wideband of frequencies is available to send out information is called broadband refers to telecommunication in which a. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time (much as more lanes on a highway allow more cars to travel on it at the equivalent time). tie in terms arewideband(a synonym),baseband(a one-channel band), and narrowband(sometimes meaning just wide enough to carry voice, or simply not broadband, and sometimes meaning specifically between 50cpsand 64Kpbs).Meanwhile wireless mean wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. Wireless is better than wired cable because wireless technology is portable, has premier performance and flexible configuration and integration.Both provider and user want to improve the coverage.So that,the signal has good indoor penetration for residential and enterprise applications fast rollout and wide coverage.For the wireless broadband company they want to improve and achieve better capacity which can support sufficiently high number of simultaneous users.Call quality is one of the factor that both user and provider want to improve so that it will have low latency, high data-rate and high reliability and uptime.Generally user want to have affordable, differentiated tariff packages that courting different user needs plus low CPE (customer-provided equipment )price. Improving services is also essential so that user has opportunity to replace existing fixed line voice services and upgrade anything regarding their broadband without any complicated policy.Beside that, technology is based on open standard to enable economic of scales and wide adoption.The roadmap of the broadband also must be well defined to enhance technology or broadband services. Traffic management must achieve 80% of the bandwidth for 80% of the users (and not 20% of the users). Broadband should have sufficient spectrum for large-scale deployment long-term growth.Wireless broadband needs to riposte something that is affordable by the user with low cost CPE, low access price, and attractive value-added services -broadband data and voice.Broadband which is easy to install, simple installation and no need for phone lines (broadband on the go) plus best quality which has quick connection and consistently good performance.Finally user want to has portability which has pervasive coverage (including indoor) and always connected.WiMAXAlso known as IEEE 802.16, WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system that is intended for wireless metropolitan area networks. In Malaysia,P1WiMAX is the company that use this technology to implement wireless broadband.WiMAX can give broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 10 miles (5 15 km) for mobile stations. On the contrary, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 300 feet (30 100m).The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for connectingWi-Fi hotspotsto the Internet, providing a wireless alternative to cable andDSLfor last mile broadband access. Besides providing data, telecommunications andIPTVservices (triple play),WiMAX also providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has both a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage. Finally WiMAX provides portable connectivity.WiMAX technologyExtending broadband wireless access to new locations and over longer distance,WiMAX (802.16) is the next stage to a broadband .In the wireless world,WiMAX reducing the cost of bringing broadband to new areas. WiMAX ( 802.16) technology provides wider range and bandwidth than the other available or forthcoming broadband wireless technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). It offers a wireless option to wired backhaul and last mile deployments that use cable modems, Data Over Cable Service embrasure Specification (DOGS1S), Digital Subscriber Line technologies (DSL), T-carrier and E-carrier (Tx/Ex) systems and Optical Carrier Level (OC-x) technologies.Based on the typical connection to the public wireless networks by using optical fibre, microwave link, cable or any other high speed connectivity, the backhaul of the WiMAX (802.16) is created. Mesh networks, Point-to-Multi-Point (PMP) connectivity is also used as a backhaul in a few cases. WiMAX (802.16) should use Point-to-Point antennas as a backhaul ideally to join subscriber sites to each other and to basestations across long distance.A Subscriber Station (WiMAX CPE) typically serves a building using wired or wireless LAN.Using Non-Line-of- Sight (NLOS) or LOS Point-to-Multi-Point connectivity,a WiMAX basestation serves subscriber stations both connections is referred to as the last mile communication.WiMAX (802.16) should use NLOS Point-to-Multi-Point antennas to connect residential or business subscribers to the WiMAX Basestation (BS) preferably.Type of WiMAX and receiverTheWiMAXfamily of standards (802.16) focus on two types of usage models which are afixed WiMAXusage model and amobile WiMAXusage model. Thefixed WiMAXserves the stationary and pedestrian classes meanwhile amobile WiMAXnetwork access system is one that can address the vehicular classUntil now one of the important restrictions to the widespread acceptance of WiMAX has been the price of WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver). This is not only the price of WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver) itself, but also that of installation. The idea of a self-installed WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver) has been difficult for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) from the beginning, but with the arr ival of WiMAX technology this issue seems to be getting resolved. In the past, BWA has been predominantly Line Of Sight (LOS), requiring highly skilled labour and a truck situation to install and provide a service to customer.WiMAX design cozy devices and a WiMAX tower are the contents of aWiMAX basestation. Some other and environmental issues bound the limits of WiMAX range to 10 km or 6 miles. A WiMAX basestation can normally covers the area of about 50 kilometres or 30 miles radius. The WiMAX basestations would use the media access control layer defines in the standard and would allocate uplink and downlink bandwidth to subscribers according to their requirements on real time basis. Any wireless user within the coverage area would be able to access the WiMAX services.WiMAX in futureCompare to the typical Wi-Fi hot spots, WiMAX technologycan make high speedwireless broadbandInternet services available to much larger areas. Greater than the physical distance limitations of Wi-Fi h ot spots or DSL, WiMAX technology can also be used to interconnect existing Wi-Fi networks.WiMAX Technology can play a significant role in helping service providers to deliver converged services that can be accessed using a broad range of devices on a wide variety of networks.WiMAX implementations can provide a wireless range of up to 30 miles or 50 kilometres.By given different capabilities while allowing for seamless integration at the technical level, 3G and WiMAX Technology solutions fit well together. To become highly spectrally efficient, 3G technologies have evolved over many years allowing operators to take benefit of costly spectrum dedicated to mobile services. 3G CDMA technologies such as W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO provide high through puts in low bandwidths as 5 MHz and 1.25 MHz, respectively.Treat to WiMAX and securityWiMAX security, stability and quality of service are some of factors involved in declining the WiMAX technology performance. In this subchapter author i s going to discuss the threats involved in WiMAX.WiMAX basestations andWiMAX Customer Premise Equipments are the content of the WiMAX wireless access network. The WiMAX basestations provide network add-on to the WiMAX CPEs. AWiMAX Customer Premise Equipment(WiMAX CPE) selects the one which offers the strongest signal as a servingWiMAX basestation. At this point, aWiMAX basestationand a collection of servedWiMAX Customer Premise Equipments (WiMAX CPEs) play the role of system while the subscriber plays the role of the user.TheMedium Access Control(mackintosh) layer andphysicallayer are two of most important layers of protocol architecture of WiMAX Technology. Common destinysub layer is the essential part of WiMAX technology layered architecture.MAC ProtocolData Units (PDUs) are constructed, connections are established and bandwidth is managed in this layer. With the Convergence layer, the Common Part (CP) exchangesMACService Data Units (SDUs). Tightly integrated with Common Part is thePrivacy sub layer. With the Physical layer ,the Security sub layer exchanges MAC PDUs. The Convergence layer adapts units of data of higher level protocols to the MAC SDU format, and vice versa. Sorts the incomingMACSDUs by the connections to which they belong by The Convergence layer. Received and transmitted through coding and modulation of radio frequency signals, ThePhysical layeris a two-way mapping between MAC PDUs and Physical layer frames.Type of treats in WiMAX are Rouge Basestation,DoS (Denial of Service) Attacks,Data Link-Layer Threat,Application Layer Threat,Physical Layer Threat,Threat, Authentication, Key, Theft, Water and finally Black Hat Threat.The primaryWiMAX securityconcerns from the point of view of an end user are privacy and data integrity. Users need guarantee that no one can eavesdrop on their sessions and that the data sent across the communication link is not tampered and usually achieved through the use ofWiMAX network encryption.An importantWiMAX secu rityconsideration is preventing unauthorized use of the network services. From the service providers point of view, using strong authentication and access control methods. The service providers need to prevent fraud should be reasonable against the difficulty that it may impose on the user. Thephysical layer, and theprivacy sub layer are the specimen of authentication and access controlthat can be implemented at various levels of the network. quaternary-input multiple-output communications(MIMO) technology onWiMAXThe use ofMultiple-input multiple-output communications(MIMO) technology onWiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standardIEEE 802.16 is called WiMAX MIMO.Multiple Input and Multiple Output or MIMO, refers t

Movie Essays - Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary on Film -- Movie Film

Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary on Film The figure of Emma Bovary, the central character of Gustave Flauberts novel, Madame Bovary, caused two cheers of approval and howls of outrage upon its publication, and continues to fascinate modern literary critics and film makers. Is she a romantic idealist, striving for perfect love and beauty in dull burgher society? Is she a willful and selfish woman whose pursuit of the good life brings about her own destruction and that of her family? Or is she, like Ibsens Hedda Gabler and Nora Helmer, a develop against the repressive, patriarchal society in which she finds herself? Is she, perhaps, a bit of all three? Two prominent modern film directors have brought Emma Bovarys drool to the screen--Vincente Minnelli in 1949 and, much recently, Claude Chabrol in 1992. This paper will study these two versions of Flauberts novel and how each director employs and manipulates the medium of film to bring a work of fiction to the screen . The films of Minnelli and Chabrol typify two radically different approaches to Flauberts novel. In general, Minnelli tends to romanticize the story, even sentimentalize it, making Emma much more of a sympathetic heroine than seems to be the case in Flauberts text. Much of the ironic tone of the novel is lost. Minnelli alike omits from his film all scenes which are not directly connected with Emma. The harsh realism and ironic hearty commentary which underlie Flauberts novel are ignored for the most part. Chabrol, on the other hand, attempts to be scrupulously faithful to the text and spirit of the novel. The director claims that or so every word of dialogue in the film was taken directly from Flaubert... ...ot literature (Kael 407). This remark might aptly be applied to Chabrols adaptation of Madame Bovary. She also remarks about Chabrols work in general that there is a remarkable consistency of tone everything seems on the same level of interest to Chabrol....n othing is very exciting, yet as nothing is boring (407). To Kael, Chabrol is a sublime craftsman, the ideal conventional movie maker (54). But, in the final analysis, Chabrol is closer to Flauberts artistic techniques. He lets the story speak for itself, and the viewers must form their own judgments about the story of Madame Bovary. Works Cited Harvey, Stephen. Directed by Vincente Minnelli. crude York Harper and Row, 1989. Kael, Pauline. Deeper Into Movies. New York Little Brown, 1973. Russell, Alan, trans. Madame Bovary. New York Penguin Books, 1950.

Cable Modems Vs. Digital Subscriber :: essays research papers fc

The Internet has grabbed on to the world and it isntletting go. Nearly 36 one million million U.S. homes currently have PCsand bothone is dying to jump on the informationsuperhighway. The Internet, which started as a group ofgovernment agencies and universities, has grown to includealmost anyone, from home lend oneselfrs to macroscopical companies andeveryone in between. It makes sense then that providingInternet service is big business. The service which used tobe dominated by groups of nerdy computer whizzes usingequipment in persons basement is now being provided bymany telephone companies, large on-line services and maysoon be on hand(predicate) from you local cable company.Computer users are an impatient group. They arestarving for a faster way of connecting to the net. Untilnow home users have had to suffer with the slow connectionsavailable with analog modems or spend a relatively largeamount on having a digital line, such as ISDN, installed andthen continue stipendia ry a lot for the monthly chargesassociated with such lines.Standard analog modems have always been hindered by thebandwidth they are allowed to use. Standard voice gradephone lines use the frequency spectrum between 0khz and 4khzto transmit their signal. 33.6 kbps modems packed nearly 11bits of data per hertz, a remarkable feat, which is verynear the theoretical limit. To allow faster connectionsmodems moldiness use a wider bandwidth. Two new competing technologies are now beingdevelopedwhich use this broadband idea to give computer users thespeed they crave. name companies are working ondeveloping a way to use the standard twisted pair copperwires that now connect nearly every home in America totransmit data at high speeds. These technologies,collectively called DSL, come in two main flavors. ADSL,this is an acronym for asymmetric digital reader line,is the most common. This name was coined by Bellcore in1989. The other main type of digital subscriber line iscalled HDSL. It stand s for high-bit-rate digital subscriberline. These two technologies are essentially the same,except they apportion a different bandwidth to upstream(user to meshwork) and downstream (network to user) datatransmission.Concurrently, cable television providers are working ontechnologies to allow them to connect computers to theirnetwork and allow users to connect to the Internet at speedsjust as high. Such equipment is being called a cable modem.Cable modems offer the possibility of transferring dataat rates up to ten megabits per second, a speed nearly tentimes faster than that of ISDN and about twenty times fasterthan todays fastest analog modems. This number is somewhatmisleading however. The truth is that in order to actually